Indus civilization

Indus civilization

About one and a half thousand years ago today, the Indus subcontinent in the Indian subcontinent is an ancient            

The rise of civilization, known in history as the Indus Civilization. Today, almost the entire state of Pakistan is bordered by the western states of the Indian Republic, southeastern Afghanistan, and the eastern province of Balochistan in Iran.

Parts belonged to this civilization.

Some important information about the Indus Valley Civilization or Harappan Civilization 

1. In 1842, Charles Mason first mentioned the Harappan ruins in his Narratives of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Punjab.                                                                                                                             
2. Mohenjo-daro was discovered by Sir John Marshall, Raybahadur Dayaram Sahani Harappa and Rakhaldas Bandhopadhyay, EJH McKee and Sir John Marshall in 1921-1922.
3. The Harappan civilization is believed to have lasted from about 3300 BC to 1800 BC.

Town planning 

1. The Indus Valley Civilization or Harappan Civilization was a Bronze Age urban civilization.
2. Patterns of roads are found in Harappa. The Harappan road was 9 to 34 feet wide. The roads were made of limestone and bricks. There were lamp posts near the road for lighting at night.                                                                     
   
   
3. Houses were built with these two types of bricks burned in the fire or dried in the sun.
4. The sewerage system of the Harappan civilization was very modern. There was a sewer covered by the bottom of the road for drainage and small sewers of the house were connected to this big sewer.
5. There is a huge bathroom in Mohenjo-daro. It is 160 feet long and 108 feet wide. It was surrounded by a 6 feet high brick wall. The bathroom had a water supply and sewerage system. 
6. Around 2,000 seals made of copper, bronze, and clay have been discovered across the Indus Valley. These seals were engraved with a kind of pictograph which has not yet been read.

Livelihood and social life 

1. The main livelihood of the Harappan people is agriculture. The crops produced were wheat, barley, sesame, pea, rye etc.
2. Six large granaries have been found in Harappa.
3. The inhabitants of Harappa wore cotton and woolen garments. They usually used duti garments as garments.
4. Both men and women wore metal ornaments.                                                                                                                                               
   
   
5. The corpse was buried with various materials used by him. When the corpse was cremated again, its ashes were filled in a pot and the pot was buried.
6. Numerous female idols were discovered from the center of the Harappan civilization, suggesting that the worship of the mother goddess was very popular here.
7. Harappa had contacts with Afghanistan, Iran, Mesopotamia, Egypt and other countries.

The reason for the fall

Historians have pointed out several reasons behind the decline of the Harappan civilization, which are-

1. Geo-nature changes
2. Earthquake
3. Flood
4. The speed of the river Indus changes
5. Deforestation 
6. Foreign invasion 

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